End Notes

1. U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, The Technological Reshaping of Metropolitan America, (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, September 1995).

3. Robert Atkinson and Randolph Court, The New Economy Index (Washington: Progressive Policy Institute, 1998). http://www.neweconomyindex.org/

4. Robert Atkinson, Randolph Court, and Joseph Ward, The State New Economy Index (Washington: Progressive Policy Institute, 1999).http://www.neweconomyindex.org/states

6. Of course, not all metros in the South focused on a low-cost industrial recruitment strategy, as evidenced by Raleigh's success. And many places in the South are changing their economic strategies to focus more on innovation and quality of life.

7. Each metro area's residents were classified by education level. The percentage of residents with more than a high-school degree but no college degree was weighted with a multiplier of 0.5. The multiplier for the percentage of residents with a college degree was 1, and the multiplier for graduate degrees was 2. The weighted percentages were added to find each metro's total score. In other words, a metro where 10 percent of the residents had a high-school degree and some college (earning a weighted score of 5), 20 percent with a bachelor's degree (a weighted score of 20), and 10 percent with a graduate degree (a weighted score of 20), would earn a total score of 45.

8. Paul Gottlieb and Michael Fogarty, "Educational Attainment and Metropolitan Growth," Case Western Reserve University, Center for Regional Economic Issues, and the Milken Institute, 2000.

9. Stuart A. Rosenfeld and Robert D. Atkinson, "Engineering Regional Growth," in Growth Policy in the Age of High Technology, ed. Jurgen Schmandt and Robert Wilson (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1990).

10. Jane Frazer and Jeremy Oppenhheim, "What's New About Globalization," The McKinsey Quarterly, no. 2 (1997): p. 179.

12. Andrew B. Bernard and J. Bradford Jensen, "Exporters, Jobs, and Wages in U.S. Manufacturing: 1976-1987," Brookings Papers in Microeconomics (1995): pp. 67-119.

13. David Birch, Anne Haggerty, and William Parsons, Corporate Demographics: Corporate Almanac (Cambridge, Mass.: Cognetics, 1999). "Measuring the Internet Economy," Cisco-University of Texas, 2000. http://www.internetindicators.com

17. David Moschella and Robert D. Atkinson, "The Internet and Society: Universal Access, Not Universal Service" (Washington: Progressive Policy Institute, 1998). http://www.ppionline.org

19. The number of ".com" domains registered in a metro is not an exact measure of the number of businesses with Web sites, for a number of reasons. For one thing, not all registered domains are actually in use. (Sometimes organizations register names they think they might use. And some domain names are held by speculators hoping to sell them.) Further, many ".com" domain names are registered by individuals for noncommercial purposes, to create personal Web pages, fan sites, and the like. And not all of the domains registered to businesses are for commercial purposes per se. (Some companies create rudimentary Web pages simply to make sure they're on the map, just as they might place an ad in the Yellow Pages. Others invest hundreds of thousands or millions of dollars building elaborate e-commerce systems in order to sell to markets around the world.) Nonetheless, these factors will be true across all metros, and thus should cancel each other out.

21. See Mitchell L. Moss and Anthony M. Townsend, "The Internet Backbone and the American Metropolis," The Information Society, vol. 16 (2000): pp. 35-47.

23. Kenan Patrick Jarboe and Robert D. Atkinson, "The Case for Technology in the Knowledge Economy: R&D, Economic Growth, and the Role of Government" (Washington: Progressive Policy Institute, 1998). http://www.ppionline.org

25. Depending on the data sources used for both total employment and total high-tech jobs, high-tech jobs as a share of total employment can differ. The methodology used here provides more accurate comparisons between metropolitan areas, but provides somewhat lower estimates of high-tech jobs as a share of all jobs than some other studies.

26. Joseph Cortright and Heike Mayer, "High-Tech Specialization: A Comparison of High-Tech Centers" (Washington: The Brookings Institution, 2001). http://www.brookings.org

27. Each metro area was broken down by the number and type of science and engineering degrees it produced. The percentage of associate degrees was weighted with a multiplier of 0.5. The multiplier for the percentage of workers with a bachelor's degree was 1, and the multiplier for master's degrees was 1.5. The multiplier for doctorates was 2. These weighted scores were added to get a metro total, and then divided by the number of workers in each area.

29. Even if economic growth slows in 2001, there is no evidence to suggest that the economy will return to high and long-term unemployment rates.

30. For more on the old and new models of economic development, see Richard Shatten and Paul Gottlieb, "Aha! Knowledge Economy," Innovation for Regional Advantage, vol. 2 (2000): pp. 4-7.

31. Greg LeRoy and Tyson Slocum, "Economic Development in Minnesota: High Subsidies, Low Wages, Absent Standards" (Washington: Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy: 1999).

32. This section was written by Andrew Rotherham, Director of the Progressive Policy Institute's 21st Century Schools Project.

34. Bryan Hassel, Charter Schools: Policy Success Story Begins to Emerge, (Washington, Progressive Policy Institute, 1999). http://www.ppionline.org

35. Senator Joe Lieberman (D-CT) was instrumental in placing language in the 2000 H-1B Visa legislation and the 1998 Workforce Investment Act that authorizes the Department of Labor to create a regional skills alliance program.

36. Suzanne Teegarden and Barbara Baran, "The Promise of the Workforce Investment Act," Progressive Policy Institute, Washington, 2000. http://www.ppionline.org

38. Richard Florida, "Competing in the Age of Talent: Environment, Amenities, and the New Economy," Carnegie Mellon University, 2000. http://www.heinz.cmu.edu/~florida/talent.pdf

39. This section was written by John Cohen, director of the Progressive Policy Institute's Community Crime Fighting Project.

40. "Governing in the New Economy" (roundtable forum at the National Conversation sponsored by the Democratic Leadership Council, Baltimore, July 15, 2000). The event was moderated by Baltimore Mayor Martin O'Malley, http://www.ndol.org

42. Robert D. Atkinson, "Mapping Our Way Out of Gridlock," Blueprint: Ideas for a New Century, vol. 8, Quality of Life (fall 2000). http://www.ndol.org/blueprint

43. The Boston region has become considerably more innovative and "open" in the last decade.

44. David Osborne and Peter Plastrik, Banishing Bureaucracy (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1997).

45. "Idea of the Week: Computer Mapping for Public Services" Progressive Policy Institute, Washington, 2000.

46. Larry Ledebur and William Barnes, "All In It together: Cities, Suburbs, and Local Economic Regions" (Washington: National League of Cities, 1993).

47. See Paul D. Gottlieb, "The Effects of Poverty on Metropolitan Area Economic Performance," in Urban-Suburban Interdependencies, ed. Rosalind Greenstein and Wim Weivel (Cambridge, Mass.: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, 2000); and Richard Florida, "Competing in the Age of Talent."

48. Some of these examples are profiled in Linda McCarthy, "Competitive Regionalism: Beyond Individual Competition" (Washington: U.S. Economic Development Administration, 2000) and "Achieving World Class Local Economies" (Washington: National League of Cities, 1996).

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Endnotes